What does the term "vulnerability" refer to in research ethics?

The term "vulnerability" in research ethics specifically refers to individuals or groups that may be at greater risk of experiencing harm or exploitation during research processes. This includes subjects who are susceptible to coercion or undue influence, particularly in situations where they may feel pressured to participate in studies due to factors such as power dynamics, economic disparity, or lack of understanding of the research. This concept acknowledges that certain populations, such as children, prisoners, or those with cognitive impairments, may not be able to provide fully informed consent or may be unduly influenced by external factors.

Recognizing vulnerability is crucial for researchers to ensure that ethical standards are upheld and that these groups are afforded additional protections. This understanding is essential in designing studies and obtaining informed consent, thereby safeguarding the rights and welfare of participants.